Cyclone Separators
Cyclonic separation is a method of removing particulates from an air, gas or liquid stream, without the use of filters, through vortex separation. Rotational effects and gravity are used to separate mixtures of solids and fluids. The method can also be used to separate fine droplets of liquid from a gaseous stream.
A high speed rotating air flow is established within a cylindrical or conical container called a cyclone. Air flows in a helical pattern, beginning at the top (wide end) of the cyclone and ending at the bottom (narrow) end before exiting the cyclone in a straight stream through the center of the cyclone and out the top.
Larger (denser) particles in the rotating stream have too much inertia to follow the tight curve of the stream, and strike the outside wall, then falling to the bottom of the cyclone where they can be removed. In a conical system, as the rotating flow moves towards the narrow end of the cyclone, the rotational radius of the stream is reduced, thus separating smaller and smaller particles.
The cyclone geometry, together with flow rate, defines the cut point of the cyclone. This is the size of particle that will be removed from the stream with 50% efficiency. Particles larger than the cut point will be removed with a greater efficiency and smaller particles with a lower efficiency.
Multi-cyclones
Multi-Cyclones consist of two or more set of cyclones. This set of cyclones is placed in one gas stream to obtain higher cleaning efficiency than that of single cyclone.
The gas stream is divided into two separate streams of gas and the combined in one single stream at the outlet. Multi-cyclones are preferred over single cyclones where higher efficiency is required.
Multi-clones
Multi-clone separators consist of a number of small diameter cyclones, operating in parallel and having a common gas inlet and outlet, as shown in the figure, and operate on the same principle as single cyclone separators creating an outer downward vortex and an ascending inner vortex.
Multi clone separators remove more dust than single cyclone separators because the individual cyclones have a greater length and smaller diameter. The longer length provides longer residence time while the smaller diameter creates greater centrifugal force. These two factors result in better separation of dust particulates. The pressure drop of multiple cyclone separators collectors is higher than that of single cyclone separators, requiring more energy to clean the same amount of air. A single chamber cyclone separator of the same volume is more economical, but doesn’t remove as much dust.